Sore Throat: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

What is a sore throat?

A sore throat is a common yet uncomfortable condition that causes pain, scratchiness, or irritation of the throat. It can make eating, drinking, and even speaking difficult. While many sore throats resolve on their own, others, especially those accompanied by severe symptoms, may require medical attention.

At Fakeeh University Hospital, our expert ENT specialists are here to help diagnose the cause and provide relief through comprehensive care and personalized treatment plans.

Common Symptoms of a Sore Throat

Recognizing the signs of a sore throat can help you seek timely care. Key symptoms include:

• Pain or scratchiness in the throat
• Dryness and difficulty speaking
• Hoarseness
• Swollen glands in the neck or jaw
• Red or inflamed tonsils
• White patches or pus on the tonsils

If your sore throat is part of an upper respiratory infection, additional symptoms may include:

• Cough and nasal congestion
• Fever
• Sneezing
• Body aches
• Headaches
• Nausea or vomiting

Types of Sore Throat

There are three main types of sore throat, depending on the affected area:

• Pharyngitis – Inflammation of the pharynx (back of the throat)
• Tonsillitis – Swelling and redness of the tonsils
• Laryngitis – Involvement of the voice box (larynx), often causing hoarseness and cough

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Causes of a Sore Throat

1. Viral Infections

The most frequent cause of sore throat. Common viruses include:

• The common cold
• Influenza (flu)
• Epstein-Barr virus (mononucleosis)

2. Bacterial Infections

Most commonly streptococcus bacteria, which causes “strep throat.” Symptoms often include:

• Fever above 38°C (101°F)
• White patches on the throat
• Swollen, tender neck glands

Untreated strep throat can lead to complications such as rheumatic fever or kidney inflammation.

3. Other Causes

• Environmental irritants: Dry air, pollution, or chemicals
• Allergies: Especially to dust, mold, or pet dander
• GERD: Acid reflux can irritate the throat
• Less common but serious causes:
  • HIV infection
  • Throat or larynx tumors
  • Epiglottitis – A rare condition that may block the airway

Who is at Risk?

You may be more prone to frequent sore throats if you:

• Have a weakened immune system
• Suffer from allergies or sinus infections
• Are a child aged 5–15
• Are exposed to irritants (e.g., smoke, chemicals)
• Live in crowded conditions like schools or dormitories

When to See a Doctor

Most sore throats improve in 5–10 days. However, contact Fakeeh University Hospital if you experience:

• A fever above 38°C (101°F)
• Severe or persistent throat pain
• Difficulty swallowing or breathing
• Swelling in the face or neck
• Blood in saliva or mucus
• Hoarseness lasting over two weeks
• A lump in the neck or ear pain
• Rash

Diagnosis of a Sore Throat

• Throat Swab Test: If your doctor suspects a bacterial infection, a throat swab may be performed to check for strep throat. Results are typically available in minutes (rapid test) or within 48 hours (culture test).
• Blood Test: If mononucleosis is suspected, a blood test for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may be recommended.

Treatment Options

• Bacterial Infections: Antibiotics are prescribed to treat infections such as strep throat and prevent complications.
• Viral Infections: These usually resolve without medical treatment. Supportive care and over-the-counter medications can help alleviate symptoms.

In rare cases like epiglottitis or tumors, hospitalization or specialized treatment may be required.

Medications for Sore Throat Relief

Over-the-counter options include:

• Pain relievers:
• Throat sprays:
• Lozenges or cough syrup:
• Acid reducers:

Home Remedies for a Sore Throat

Simple remedies can provide effective relief:

• Warm saltwater gargles
• Drinking warm fluids (with honey, lemon, ginger)
• Zinc lozenges or sprays
• Cold treats like popsicles
• Herbal remedies (slippery elm, marshmallow root, ginseng)
• Garlic or echinacea supplements
• Adequate hydration and rest
• Vitamin C and D supplements
• Humidifiers to moisten dry air

Note: Always consult your physician before using herbal remedies, especially if pregnant, under 18, or managing chronic conditions.

Risk Factors and Complications

Risk Factors:

• Smoking or exposure to smoke
• Seasonal allergies
• Chronic sinusitis
• Stress and fatigue
• HIV, diabetes, steroid or chemotherapy use

Potential Complications:

If untreated, severe sore throats can lead to:

• Sinusitis
• Epiglottitis
• Mastoiditis (bone infection behind the ear)
• Rheumatic fever
• Glomerulonephritis (kidney inflammation)
• Otitis media (ear infection)
• Pneumonia
• Meningitis

Prevention Tips

You can reduce your risk of sore throat by:

• Washing your hands regularly
• Avoiding close contact with sick individuals
• Using alcohol-based sanitizers
• Not sharing utensils or drinks
• Cleaning commonly touched surfaces
• Coughing/sneezing into tissues or your elbow
• Avoiding smoke and allergens

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Get Relief with Expert ENT Care at FUH

A sore throat shouldn’t disrupt your daily life. At Fakeeh University Hospital, our ENT specialists offer prompt evaluations, accurate diagnoses, and evidence-based treatment tailored to your needs.

Book an appointment today.